Kuthiwani ngesikhwama sephepha le-kraft ngekhulu le-19?
Emuva ngekhulu le-19, ngaphambi kokufika kwezitolo ezinkulu, kwakujwayelekile ukuthi abantu bathenge zonke izimpahla zabo zansuku zonke esitolo sokudla esiseduze nalapho besebenza khona noma behlala khona. Kuyikhanda elibuhlungu ukuthengisa izimpahla zansuku zonke kancane kancane kubathengi ngemva kokuba zithunyelwe ngobuningi ezitolo zokudla ngamabhakede, izikhwama zendwangu noma amabhokisi ezinkuni. Abantu babekwazi ukuphuma bayothenga kuphela ngamabhasikidi noma izikhwama zelineni ezenziwe ekhaya. Ngaleso sikhathi, izinto zokusetshenziswa zephepha zaziseyi-jute fiber kanye nekhanda lelineni elidala, ezazisezingeni eliphansi futhi zimbalwa, futhi zazingakwazi ngisho nokuhlangabezana nezidingo zokunyathelisa amaphephandaba. Cishe ngo-1844, uFriedrich Kohler waseJalimane wasungula indlela yokwenza iphepha le-pulp yokhuni, eyakhuthaza kakhulu intuthuko yemboni yephepha futhi ngokungaqondile yazala ukuhweba kokuqala.isikhwama sephepha le-kraftemlandweni.
Ngo-1852, uFrancis Waller, isazi sezitshalo saseMelika, wasungula isitshalo sokuqala esibizwa ngokuthi i-isikhwama sephepha le-kraftumshini wokwenza, owabe usukhushulelwa eFrance, eBrithani nakwamanye amazwe aseYurophu. Kamuva, kwazalwa i-plywoodizikhwama zephepha ze-kraftkanye nentuthuko yeisikhwama sephepha le-kraftubuchwepheshe bokuthunga benza izikhwama zikakotini ezisetshenziselwa ukuthutha imithwalo emikhulu nazo zathathelwa indawo yiizikhwama zephepha ze-kraft.
Uma kukhulunywa ngeyokuqalaisikhwama sephepha esinsundu se-kraftukuze kuthengwe, yazalwa ngo-1908 eSt. Paul, eMinnesota. UWalter Duverna, umnikazi wesitolo sokudla sendawo, waqala ukufuna izindlela zokwenza amakhasimende athenge izinto eziningi ngesikhathi esisodwa ukuze athuthukise ukuthengisa. UDuverna wayecabanga ukuthi kuzoba yisikhwama esenziwe kusengaphambili esishibhile futhi esilula ukusisebenzisa futhi esingathwala okungenani amakhilogremu angu-75. Ngemva kokuhlolwa okuphindaphindiwe, uzoba yikhwalithi yento yalesi sikhiye sesikhwama ku-iphepha le-kraft elinsundu, ngoba isebenzisa i-pulp ye-conifer wood fiber ende, enkambisweni yokupheka ngamakhemikhali, i-caustic soda kanye ne-alcali sulphide chemicals icutshungulwa ngokulinganisela, yenza amandla omonakalo we-fiber yokhuni lokuqala abe mancane, ngaleyo ndlela ekugcineni yenziwe ngephepha, ixhumene kakhulu ne-fiber, iphepha liqinile, lingamelana nokucindezeleka okukhulu ngaphandle kokuqhekeka. Eminyakeni emine kamuva, elokuqalaisikhwama sephepha esinsundu se-kraftyenzelwe ukuyothenga. Ingunxande phansi futhi inomthamo omkhulu kuneyendabuko enomumo we-Visikhwama sephepha le-kraft. Intambo idlula phansi nasemaceleni esikhwama ukuze yandise umthamo waso wokuthwala umthwalo, bese kwakheka izimbobo ezimbili ezilula ukuzibamba phezulu kwesikhwama. UDuverna waqamba lesi sikhwama ngegama lakhe futhi wasiqamba ngo-1915. Ngalesi sikhathi, kwakuthengiswa izikhwama ezingaphezu kwesigidi zalezi zikhwama minyaka yonke.
Ukubonakala kombala onsunduizikhwama zephepha ze-kraftishintshe ukucabanga kwendabuko kokuthi inani lokuthenga linganqunyelwa kuphela enanini lezinto ezingathwalwa ngezandla zombili, futhi yenze abathengi bangabe besakhathazeka ngokungalithwali, okunciphisa injabulo yokuthenga ngokwako. Kungaba ukweqisa ukusho ukuthiisikhwama sephepha esinsundu se-kraftukuthengisa okuthuthukisiwe sekukonke, kodwa okungenani kwembule emabhizinisini ukuthi akunakwenzeka ukubikezela ukuthi zingaki izinto abathengi abazozithenga kuze kube yilapho ulwazi lokuthenga selukhululekile, lukhululekile futhi lulula ngangokunokwenzeka. Yileli phuzu kanye elibangela ukuthi labo abafika kamuva babeke ukubaluleka kolwazi lokuthenga lwabathengi, futhi liphinde likhuthaze ukuthuthukiswa kwebhasikidi lezitolo ezinkulu kanye nenqola yokuthenga kamuva.
Eminyakeni engamashumi amahlanu eyalandela, ukuthuthukiswa kwe-browniphepha lokwakha izikhwama zokuthengaKungathiwa kubushelelezi, ukuthuthukiswa kwezinto zokwakha kwenza umthamo wazo wokuthwala uthuthuke njalo, ukubukeka kuye kwaba kuhle kakhulu, abakhiqizi banyathelisa zonke izinhlobo zokuhweba, amaphethini ezikhwameni zephepha le-kraft ezinsundu, ezitolo nasezitolo ezitaladini. Kuze kube maphakathi nekhulu lama-20, ukuvela kwezikhwama zokuthenga zepulasitiki kwaba olunye ushintsho olukhulu emlandweni wokuthuthukiswa kwezikhwama zokuthenga. Kuncane, kunamandla futhi kushibhile ukwenza izinzuzo ezifana nesikhwama sephepha le-kraft esinsundu esasithandwa kakhulu. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, izikhwama zepulasitiki ziye zaba ukukhetha kokuqala kokusetshenziswa kwansuku zonke, kuyilapho izikhwama zesikhumba senkomo ziye “zabuyela emgqeni wesibili” kancane kancane.
Ekugcineni, kwaphelaisikhwama sephepha esinsundu se-kraftingasetshenziswa kuphela egameni elithi “ukukhumbula izikhathi zakudala”, “imvelo” kanye “nokuvikelwa kwemvelo” ngenani elincane lemikhiqizo yokunakekelwa kwesikhumba, izingubo nezincwadi, ukupakishwa kwemikhiqizo yomsindo nevidiyo.
Kodwa umkhuba womhlaba wonke wokulwa nokusetshenziswa kwepulasitiki ubuyisela ukunaka kwabezemvelo emuva kokudalaisikhwama sephepha esinsundu se-kraftKusukela ngo-2006, iMcDonald's China iye yaqala kancane kancane ukuvikela ukushisaisikhwama sephepha esinsundu se-kraftukudla okuthengwayo kuzo zonke izitolo zayo, esikhundleni sokusetshenziswa kwezikhwama zokudla zepulasitiki. Lesi sinyathelo siphinde saphindwa ngabanye abathengisi, njengeNike ne-Adidas, ababevame ukuthenga kakhulu izikhwama zepulasitiki, futhi bashintsha izikhwama zokuthenga zepulasitiki ngeziphepha ezinsundu zekhwalithi ephezulu.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Mashi-28-2022